Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a prevalent and potentially serious cardiovascular condition characterized by the accumulation of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances within the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, and when they become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis, the heart's blood supply is compromised.

Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CAD, involves the gradual buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. The reduced blood supply may lead to angina (chest pain or discomfort) and, in severe cases, result in myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Various risk factors contribute to the development of CAD, including age, gender, genetics, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle. Prevention and management strategies focus on lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting smoking. Medications may also be prescribed to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other contributing factors.

Diagnosis often involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examinations, blood tests, and imaging studies like angiography or cardiac CT scans. Treatment approaches range from lifestyle changes and medications to more invasive interventions, including angioplasty and stent placement or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), depending on the severity of the disease.

CAD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, underscoring the importance of early detection, risk factor management, and ongoing medical care to prevent and treat this significant cardiovascular condition. Regular check-ups, a heart- healthy lifestyle, and adherence to prescribed medications play crucial roles in managing coronary artery disease and reducing the risk of associated complications.