Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure levels persistently exceeding the normal range. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries as the heart pumps it throughout the body. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two values: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart contracts) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats).

Normal blood pressure is typically defined as 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure consistently exceeds 130/80 mmHg. It is often referred to as a "silent killer" because it rarely presents noticeable symptoms, yet it can lead to severe health complications if left untreated.

Several factors contribute to the development of hypertension, including genetics, age, lifestyle choices, and underlying health conditions. Unhealthy dietary habits, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking are modifiable risk factors that can significantly impact blood pressure.

Long-term hypertension can damage blood vessels and vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and brain. Complications associated with hypertension include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and vision problems. Managing hypertension involves lifestyle modifications such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, and quitting smoking. In some cases, medication may be prescribed by healthcare professionals to help control blood pressure.

Regular monitoring, early detection, and timely intervention are crucial in managing hypertension and preventing its complications. Individuals with hypertension should work closely with healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive and personalized treatment plan to maintain blood pressure within a healthy range.